“A Future That Works for Everyone”
The following is the narrative
combined with the graphics for a presentation I (John Griffin) (jagriffin46@gmail.com) gave to The Villages Philosophy Club on April 12, 2019.
I chose today’s topic because, for
me, thinking about the future is simply a lot of fun. And today more exciting things are happening
in science and technology than ever before, and I believe those things will
change the world in ways that will surprise many people. I also believe that with the right policy
decisions the future can work for all of us.
I will be disappointed if everyone in the room does not leave here today
with at least one (and, hopefully, several) interesting ideas that they had not
previously considered.
Of course, the future is essentially
limitless – involving countless years and countless possibilities. So, to maintain focus I am going to limit
this presentation to the remainder of this century, and mostly to the next 50
years. Within that time frame I will
mainly talk about our future economy, environment, and social structures. That should be more than enough to fill my
allotted time. Hopefully, I won’t run
over too much, but, if you are anything like me, you won’t be bored. And, of course, those subjects contain enough
controversial political and policy issues to support a vigorous discussion.
One subject I don’t plan to dwell on
is The Singularity.
The Singularity is that time or event
in which machine intelligence has advanced well beyond the human level, and is
then capable of creating technologies that may well be beyond human
comprehension. And that is the simple reason
I won’t go there. If the singularity
occurs, and it just might (and possibly before the end of this century), then
we can only guess at the consequences.
So let’s get started with the first
part of any Optimistic Future – The Economy.
Producing all of the things that people need and want is crucial to the well-being
of any society, so let’s examine the three fundamental components of a
successful economy.
1. Raw Materials
2. The Energy with which to process
the Raw Materials
3. The Means to intelligently direct
the Energy to the processing of the Raw Materials
Item #3 typically refers to us – the
labor force. We have the intelligence
and the manipulators (i.e. our hands) that enable us to bring the Energy and
the Raw Materials together for processing.
In other words, Intelligence + Manipulators = Labor.
At this point I will directly state,
the one idea that I consider crucial to any discussion of our future economy. If you leave here today with just one idea,
let it be this one.
Well before the end of this century we will be mass-producing
skilled labor.
Your first reaction may be: “Wait a
minute, how is it that we are going to mass produce people?” The answer, of course, is that I am referring
to intelligent machines – not people.
And by “intelligent machines” I do not mean human-level, self-aware,
general-purpose intelligence. I simply
mean machines capable enough to do the specific job assigned to them. I will often refer to these machines as “robots”,
but I don’t want to limit the idea to the common image of machines with two
legs and two arms. They will come in whatever
form is best suited to the job at hand.
I believe such intelligent machines
are not only possible but inevitable, and I will spend time near the end of
this presentation to explain why. But
first I would like you to think about the idea of mass-producing skilled labor
and let the consequences sink in.
Consider, for example, the issue of
building and maintaining the physical infrastructure in this country – the
roads, bridges, power plants, etc.
Everyone agrees that we have done a poor job in this area. And yet, we just can’t seem to tackle the
problem. Why is that? Is there a shortage of concrete or steel or
copper or any other necessary raw materials or of the energy to process them? Of course not. The problem, as usual, comes down to how we
will pay for the one thing that always costs the most – labor. Labor cost is the reason that corporations
chase all around the world looking for the cheapest labor - even if the raw
materials have to be shipped quite a distance in order reach the labor supply.
Being able to mass-produce skilled labor - whenever and wherever we need
it - is a complete game changer. The
resulting economy will make our current economy look like the Stone Age.
But where will that leave those of us
who have been the skilled and unskilled labor of the past? One answer, of course, is that the large
majority of us will simply be “unemployed”.
Some will disagree and claim one or
more of the following:
1. We needn’t worry since automation
has always created more jobs than it destroys.
2. As long as we have problems to
solve we will always have jobs.
3. We will always need workers
because the more we produce the more people want.
But even if these statements are all
true, remember - we will be mass-producing skilled labor. Creating another job opening may just lead to
the employment of another machine. This
means that, to be employed, a human must have skills and value that no machine
can offer. But how have we been doing in
our race against the machine?
In 1840, nearly 70% of our work force
was involved in the agriculture sector.
Today that sector employs less than 2% and yet it still produces surpluses
for export. Clearly, in agriculture,
automation has not produced more jobs that it destroyed. Many who were no longer needed on the farm
moved into the industrial sector. But, our
industrial employment peaked in 1979 at 19.5 million workers. Think about that. We hit peak industrial employment 40 years
ago! Today our industrial sector employs
less than two thirds of that number.
Some will say that is because we have sent our production overseas and don’t
make anything in this country anymore.
You can tell them they are wrong.
Our inflation-adjusted industrial output is over twice that of 1979, and
stands today at record levels. We simply
don’t need all the workers we used to employ.
Clearly, in industry, automation has not produced more jobs that it
destroyed. So, if we are no longer
needed on the farms or in the factories, where have we found work? The answer, of course, is that we moved into
the services sector which now employs nearly 80% of our workers. That sector was seen as a refuge from
automated machinery because it valued brains over brawn. But then the cost of computers fell
dramatically and many routine service jobs have also been automated. And, as for total employment, we should not
be fooled by the current relatively low unemployment rate. The more important measure - the labor force
participation rate – has been trending down for years.
Economic growth will always depend on
creative solutions to problems.
Currently, only humans provide that creativity, and I won’t claim that
machines will ever completely replace us.
However, machine capability will continue to increase, and, by the
middle of this century, a large, and increasing, majority of us will have no
effective role in economic production.
Even if we offered to help out for free, we would just be in the way.
If you are still not convinced by
these statements, I invite you to watch a very persuasive TED Talk titled “3
Myths About the Future of Work (and Why They’re Not True). ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2j00U6lUC-c )
So, if we are destined not to be
involved in economic production we are left with two questions:
1. What will we do for money?, and
2. What will we do with our time?
The answer to the first question is simple. We will do what any child of rich parents
would do. We will live off our parent’s
money.
But how many people have rich
parents? The answer to that question is
also simple, “We all do.” We are all
children of the society that has been built by our parents and grandparents,
etc. - going back thousands of years. And
that society is rich!
2018 US GDP = 20.513 Trillion Dollars1
2018 US GDP per capita = $62,5181
(20%
of $62,518 = $12,504)
2018 US Poverty Threshold for
Individuals = $12,1402
1. Source: IMF
2. Source: US HHS Dept
In fact, if the output of the US
economy in 2018 were evenly distributed, each man, woman and child in this
country would have received over $62,000.
Think about that! If we evenly
distributed just 20% of that amount, we would put everyone over the official
poverty level for individuals in that year. We would officially wipe out poverty overnight. And remember, our future economy will be much
larger, so there will be far more than that to distribute.
Of course, you can imagine the
reaction. Business owners will say that
distributing our GDP in that way is Socialism.
My simple response to that is, “You are mistaken”.
In a Socialist system the people would claim ownership of your
company. We don’t want your
company. You can own it and operate it in
any lawful way you wish. We only require
that you recognize that your shiny new company - one that no longer needs our
labor, by the way – was built on our mountain, and you need to pay rent.
As you can see, our mountain consists
of society’s accumulated physical and educational and legal infrastructure as
well as the accumulated knowledge and technology that makes a highly automated
economy possible in the first place. It
even includes our military. After all,
it is difficult to run a company if foreign troops are marching up and down
Main Street. If not for that mountain, any company today would be much less
prosperous or even non-existent, so it is not unreasonable to ask for rent.
How much rent should we charge? Society,
in its turn, must recognize that a healthy economy depends on the innovation
and exceptional effort of a relatively small percentage of our population. Those
innovators will not build on our mountain if we charge too much rent. Failure to recognize this simple truth is the
primary reason socialist economies fail. Fortunately, our future economy will be big
enough for everyone to get what they need, and for most innovators to get
enough to motivate them.
Some of you who remember my
presentation on Universal Basic Income will have guessed where I am going with
these so-called “rent” payments. Yes, a
portion of those rent payments will be distributed as a Universal Basic Income
(UBI) to all adult citizens regardless of income or employment status. The rest will go to building and maintaining our
infrastructure mountain.
Some like to call the UBI “free money
for everyone”. I disagree. It is
not free money. We and our predecessors
have already earned it! Perhaps we
should change the initials UBI to UBD (for Universal Basic Dividend) to
emphasize that it is payment for society’s previous investments in infrastructure. There is an excellent TED Talk on this
subject titled “How we'll earn money in a future
without jobs”, by Martin Ford, the author of the book “Rise of the
Robots”.
We come now to the second
question: What will we do with our time?
For all of human history we have had
to work to survive, and we have made a virtue of that necessity. What we did for a living has defined our
position in society. And many of us base
our self esteem and our value to society on what we do to make a living. With a UBI we will, after all of these
thousands of years, at last have the freedom to step off that treadmill, and I,
for one, say, “It’s about time!”
So what will we do in this
brave new world? If you have a job that
you love, and it is still available to you, then just continue what you are
doing and the UBI will supplement your income.
If you have a passion that you could not previously indulge, you are now
free to follow your heart. If you have a
family or want to start one, you now are free to spend as much time with them as
you wish. If parents are at home with
their children, then gang membership and juvenile misbehavior should decline
significantly. With each adult receiving
a UBI, there should be an increased feeling of belonging to a larger
community. Crimes due to a feeling of
alienation or economic despair should be noticeably reduced. In addition, an individual will no longer
need to enter into an undesirable relationship simply because they need the
financial support of another person. The
UBI will provide the freedom to choose the people with whom we associate.
Maybe what you want to do is travel
the world, or play golf seven days a week, or ride every rollercoaster in the country. Whatever your choice - knock yourself out! Or simply consider the example of The
Villages. With over 3000 clubs, 600
holes of golf and nightly entertainment, if you are bored you just aren’t
trying very hard.
In today’s world we can’t imagine
everyone being rich. After all, someone
has to do the actual work. We can’t all
just expect to be waited on. But with
unlimited non-human labor, exactly that situation is possible. For the first time in human history we can
live a life free from drudgery without having to rely on the labor of others
less fortunate than ourselves.
Now, before I explain why I believe
it will be possible to mass produce skilled labor, I would like to spend a
little more time describing specific ways that that unlimited labor will change
our future.
The Future of Agriculture
I consider this subject to be one of
the most fun to speculate on because there is so much room for
improvement. Imagine a future in which
all but the most land-intensive crops are grown indoors. And, by indoors, I don’t mean in one story
greenhouses with the sun shining through a glass roof.
Instead, imagine a high rise building
at least one acre in size at its base and several hundred feet tall. Inside are plants growing in trays that are
stacked vertically so that a building one acre at its base will house hundreds
of acres of plants. They are receiving
all the nutrients they need and nothing more.
No pesticides or herbicides are
needed since all plants are inside and not exposed to pests, weeds, fungus,
or any other contaminants. Gone are e-coli contaminations from nearby
animal farms. Gone are exposures to heavy metals found in natural soils. Gone
is exposure to dust and dirt blowing in from heaven knows where. And, if any contamination should occur, for
any reason, the contaminated area can be easily identified and sterilized. In summary
- agriculture as pure as it can be.
No longer will farmers need to worry
about poor (or changing) climates, bad weather, water shortages, limited
growing season or contamination. Every
crop should be a success.
Each tray of plants will be
illuminated by LED lights that emit just the colors needed for optimal growth.
Using only the needed colors will
save on energy and heat removal costs.
In fact, current indoor farms are often referred to as “pinkhouses”
rather than “greenhouses” because they use a combination of red and blue LED
lights. No water will be lost to
evaporation since humidity will be recycled.
The only water leaving the building will be in the harvested crops. Water
usage will, therefore, we reduced by over 90% compared to outdoor farming. Fertilizer-contaminated outdoor runoff and all
of its consequences, such as red tide and algae blooms will be a thing of the
past.
Of course, the care of indoor crops
will be very labor intensive. But remember,
we will have unlimited skilled labor. Imagine tiny machines giving round-the-clock attention
to every plant. In fact, the absence of
human workers means that more space can be devoted to plants. And since plants thrive on carbon dioxide,
more of it can be added to the indoor atmosphere without concern for whether
humans can tolerate it. With conditions
optimized for each plant variety, we can expect many more crops per year, and
the output per acre will be unprecedented.
Indoor agriculture also means that
crops can be grown in the city where 70% of the people are expected to live by
the year 2050. This will substantially
lower shipping costs, and means that crops can be harvested at peak ripeness
rather than harvesting early and hoping the crop is ripe when it reaches the
consumer. This will give new meaning to the phrase
“fresh to your table”.
In addition to Agriculture I will
briefly touch on these other aspects of our future.
The Environment
I just mentioned the advantages of indoor
agriculture, but as our economy grows so will the amount of trash it
produces. How will we keep from being
buried by that trash? Imagine large
recycling complexes near every population center. In each complex there will be thousands of machines
capable of sorting your trash into any number of categories, even down to
pieces the size of a dime. Such machines
will be capable of disassembling manufactured items so the parts can be further
sorted. The recovered material will be
processed for reuse or for environmentally safe disposal. Today such sorting and processing is not
feasible due to the cost of labor. But
remember, well before the end of this
century we will be mass-producing skilled labor.
Energy Production
Of course, a larger economy will require
more energy. We all hope that renewable sources
will continue to fall in price and eventually provide a meaningful percentage
of our energy needs. However, even in a
world with unlimited skilled labor, there is no guarantee that will
happen. If it does not, then I would
like to mention one of my favorite carbon-free alternatives – nuclear
power. If, by the end of this century,
we are finally able to build practical fusion reactors, then the problem of
power and safety is solved. However, if
that does not happen, then I believe our best hope lies in new designs for
conventional nuclear power plants. The
reason those plants have not been emphasized in recent years is due to two
factors: Safety and Cost. And adding
safety measures is one of the primary reasons for cost increases. But remember, in a world of unlimited skilled
labor, the cost equation will be completely different.
Surveillance Technology
The same technology that makes
intelligent machines possible will also make it possible to know where everyone
of us is at all times. Such surveillance
can be valuable in preventing and solving crimes, and in providing assistance
to those in need. However, that same
technology can bring about George Orwell’s “1984”. Stories are already coming out of China about
how surveillance is restricting the rights of individual citizens. We must, therefore, be very aware that our
right to go where we wish and meet with whom we wish is protected by law, not
by our ability to sneak around in the shadows to avoid detection. At some point there will simply be no more
shadows to conceal us. Therefore, we
must very jealously guard our legal protections to maintain our rights and
freedoms.
The Services Sector
Yes, the services sector – where do
we even begin? Imagine a trip to your
favorite restaurant. You call for a self-driving
vehicle which picks you up at home and drops you off in front of the restaurant
and then disappears to serve its next customer.
You won’t see it again since a different vehicle will take you home –
and, of course, no parking problems. In
fact, parking lots no longer exist. You
order a steak dinner which is prepared exactly as you like it since your
preferences are already known to the computer in charge of the kitchen. The robot preparing your steak monitors its
preparation many times per second so that it appears on your plate at exactly
the right moment and simultaneously with all of your side items. The same is true for the food for everyone in
your party. One or more mobile machines
then emerge from the kitchen to serve all of you at the same time. Exotic and labor intensive food items and
desserts are no problem since the kitchen has a pantry full of spare machines
that will spring to action depending on demand.
Or imagine your home needs
maintenance or remodeling. Just instruct
one or more of your household robots to download the latest plumber,
electrician or carpenter software and get to work.
Speculating on the kind of society
that we can create with unlimited skilled labor can be a lot of fun, and we
have only scratched the surface, but time is limited and I did promise to at
least attempt to answer a fundamental question.
Will we really be able to
mass-produce skilled labor?
Once again Labor = Intelligence + Manipulators. How are we doing on developing the
manipulators? Here is a video from 4
years ago showing some of the entrants in a DARPA competition that was held to
encourage progress in robotics.
As you can see there was
considerable work remaining to be done. Here is a video clip from just three
years later.
(specifically, 2m 37s to 3m 10s)
And another video clip from October of last year.
(specifically, 1m 45s to 2m 09s)
As you can see, significant progress has been
made in the ability to control robots on the mechanical level.
But the improvements in machine intelligence are
even more impressive.
This picture shows an attempt in the
1960s to program a computer to play chess.
Optimism was high, and many believed that within ten years we would have
computers as smart as humans. It would
just be a matter of writing some code. I
was in college at that time and was fascinated by computers so I decided to
major in Computer Science and be a part of that effort. Well, it didn’t quite work out according to
plan. A lot of code was written, but the
result was nowhere close to human intelligence.
Other researchers tried to emulate what we knew of the human brain by
building networks of artificial neurons.
But there, too, the results were disappointing. It turned out that creating a smart machine
was much more difficult than we realized.
The entire field of Artificial Intelligence (aka AI) fell on hard times
– a period that has come to be known as the AI Winter. As for me, I never did find work in AI and
spent my career doing other work in the computer industry.
Geoffrey Hinton
And then in 2006 Professor Geoffrey
Hinton of the University of Toronto, one of the few remaining neural network
researchers, wrote two papers that would serve as the basis for Deep Learning
Neural Networks or what is now simply called Deep Learning. A fascinating account of his perseverance can
be found in this newspaper article
( https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2015/04/17/how-a-toronto-professors-research-revolutionized-artificial-intelligence.html
) from the Toronto Star. And it was announced recently that Professor Hinton and two long-time associates
have won this year’s Turing Award for their work in Deep Learning.
Because of Deep
Learning, conventional speech and photo recognition systems that had been
tweaked and improved for decades were swept aside essentially overnight. Deep Learning is responsible for the
performance of the Siri and Alexa devices that some of you have at home, and
for recent advances in self-driving vehicles.
These
developments were
noticed by a young British genius named Demis Hassabis, who would co-found a
company called DeepMind that would be acquired by Google in 2014.
Demis Hassabis
DeepMind would explode into the news
when they trained a computer to play the game of Go.
Notice, I say they “trained” the computer rather than “programmed” it. Go is an ancient Chinese game that many
consider to be vastly more complicated than chess. That complexity has foiled efforts to program
a computer to play Go. When programmers
would ask Go players how they chose their moves the typical response was that,
after many years of play, they had just developed a feel for where to make
their next move. The programmers’
response was, “That’s no help. How in
the world are we going to program a feel for the game?” But it turns out that that is exactly what results
when a Deep Learning system is trained.
It simply develops a “feel” for the training data. In the case of DeepMind’s Go playing system
called AlphaGo, the training data was thousands of games previously played by
humans. The result, as you may have heard,
was that in early 2016, AlphaGo beat the
world’s highest rated Go player, in a 5-game match by the score of 4 to 1.
Here is a picture of Lee Sedol
winning that one game against AlphaGo. But
the DeepMind team didn’t stop there.
They wondered what would happen if they trained a system that started as
a complete beginner - knowing nothing but the rules, and only training by
playing against itself - with no access to human games. The result was a system they called AlphaGo
Zero which then played a 100 game match against the system (AlphaGo) that beat
Lee Sedol and won by a score of 100 to nothing.
The lesson from that match was that training on games previously played
by humans was actually a disadvantage.
AlphaGo Zero trained only by playing against itself and thereby avoided
learning the misconceptions and errors that have apparently been present in
human games for centuries.
Now, please bear with me just a bit longer
as I can’t resist one more example. Some
DeepMind researchers wondered what would happen if they applied their
technology to the game of chess. Once
again, they gave their system nothing but the rules, and set it to learning by
playing itself. Now, today’s best conventional
chess-playing computer, named Stockfish,
is so good that the current human world
champion, Magnus Carlsen
has less than a 2% chance of beating it
in any given game. But after just 9
hours of training, DeepMind’s system had progressed from complete novice to decisively
beating Stockfish in a 100-game match. And
the DeepMind system was looking at hundreds of times fewer game positions than
Stockfish. It managed to win because it
had developed a superior feel for the positions it did evaluate. So, if you should ever wonder how it might
feel when the Singularity arrives, consider how conventional chess programmers
felt when 60 years of their cumulative effort were made obsolete in just 9
hours.
I could go on with many more
examples, but I will just say that such results have captured the attention of
essentially all leading tech companies, and long suffering AI researchers are
being sought after and paid like rock stars.
The results that I have described, and others, are why I believe that
skilled non-human labor will be common well before the end of this century.
I, for one, am looking forward to
that future.
END OF NARRATIVE
If you desire additional information,
I invite you to check out some of the sources on this list:
The Robot Revolution: The New
Age of Manufacturing
The Robot Revolution: Automation
Comes into Fashion
Denver
Recycling Center Testing Robotic Sorter
This Farm of the Future Uses No
Soil and 95% Less Water
Geoffrey Hinton: The Godfather
of Deep Learning
This Canadian
Genius Created Modern AI (Geoffrey
Hinton)
(a video describing how modern neural networks
came to be)